Filtered by NVD-CWE-noinfo
Total 33786 CVE
CVE Vendors Products Updated CVSS v3.1
CVE-2024-9358 1 Thingsboard 1 Thingsboard 2025-12-03 5.3 Medium
A vulnerability has been found in ThingsBoard up to 3.7.0 and classified as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the component HTTP RPC API. The manipulation leads to resource consumption. The attack can be launched remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitation appears to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 3.7.1 is able to address this issue. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The vendor was informed on 2024-07-24 about this vulnerability and announced the release of 3.7.1 for the second half of September 2024.
CVE-2023-53285 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: add bounds checking in get_max_inline_xattr_value_size() Normally the extended attributes in the inode body would have been checked when the inode is first opened, but if someone is writing to the block device while the file system is mounted, it's possible for the inode table to get corrupted. Add bounds checking to avoid reading beyond the end of allocated memory if this happens.
CVE-2023-53286 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: RDMA/mlx5: Return the firmware result upon destroying QP/RQ Previously when destroying a QP/RQ, the result of the firmware destruction function was ignored and upper layers weren't informed about the failure. Which in turn could lead to various problems since when upper layer isn't aware of the failure it continues its operation thinking that the related QP/RQ was successfully destroyed while it actually wasn't, which could lead to the below kernel WARN. Currently, we return the correct firmware destruction status to upper layers which in case of the RQ would be mlx5_ib_destroy_wq() which was already capable of handling RQ destruction failure or in case of a QP to destroy_qp_common(), which now would actually warn upon qp destruction failure. WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 995 at drivers/infiniband/core/rdma_core.c:940 uverbs_destroy_ufile_hw+0xcb/0xe0 [ib_uverbs] Modules linked in: xt_conntrack xt_MASQUERADE nf_conntrack_netlink nfnetlink xt_addrtype iptable_nat nf_nat br_netfilter rpcrdma rdma_ucm ib_iser libiscsi scsi_transport_iscsi rdma_cm ib_umad ib_ipoib iw_cm ib_cm mlx5_ib ib_uverbs ib_core overlay mlx5_core fuse CPU: 3 PID: 995 Comm: python3 Not tainted 5.16.0-rc5+ #1 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS rel-1.13.0-0-gf21b5a4aeb02-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:uverbs_destroy_ufile_hw+0xcb/0xe0 [ib_uverbs] Code: 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e e9 44 34 f0 e0 48 89 df e8 4c 77 ff ff 49 8b 86 10 01 00 00 48 85 c0 74 a1 4c 89 e7 ff d0 eb 9a 0f 0b eb c1 <0f> 0b be 04 00 00 00 48 89 df e8 b6 f6 ff ff e9 75 ff ff ff 90 0f RSP: 0018:ffff8881533e3e78 EFLAGS: 00010287 RAX: ffff88811b2cf3e0 RBX: ffff888106209700 RCX: 0000000000000000 RDX: ffff888106209780 RSI: ffff8881533e3d30 RDI: ffff888109b101a0 RBP: 0000000000000001 R08: ffff888127cb381c R09: 0de9890000000009 R10: ffff888127cb3800 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff888106209780 R13: ffff888106209750 R14: ffff888100f20660 R15: 0000000000000000 FS: 00007f8be353b740(0000) GS:ffff88852c980000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00007f8bd5b117c0 CR3: 000000012cd8a004 CR4: 0000000000370ea0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 Call Trace: <TASK> ib_uverbs_close+0x1a/0x90 [ib_uverbs] __fput+0x82/0x230 task_work_run+0x59/0x90 exit_to_user_mode_prepare+0x138/0x140 syscall_exit_to_user_mode+0x1d/0x50 ? __x64_sys_close+0xe/0x40 do_syscall_64+0x4a/0x90 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae RIP: 0033:0x7f8be3ae0abb Code: 03 00 00 00 0f 05 48 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 41 c3 48 83 ec 18 89 7c 24 0c e8 83 43 f9 ff 8b 7c 24 0c 41 89 c0 b8 03 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 35 44 89 c7 89 44 24 0c e8 c1 43 f9 ff 8b 44 RSP: 002b:00007ffdb51909c0 EFLAGS: 00000293 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000003 RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000557bb7f7c020 RCX: 00007f8be3ae0abb RDX: 0000557bb7c74010 RSI: 0000557bb7f14ca0 RDI: 0000000000000005 RBP: 0000557bb7fbd598 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000293 R12: 0000557bb7fbd5b8 R13: 0000557bb7fbd5a8 R14: 0000000000001000 R15: 0000557bb7f7c020 </TASK>
CVE-2021-43666 2 Arm, Debian 2 Mbed Tls, Debian Linux 2025-12-02 7.5 High
A Denial of Service vulnerability exists in mbed TLS 3.0.0 and earlier in the mbedtls_pkcs12_derivation function when an input password's length is 0.
CVE-2023-53262 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 7.8 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: f2fs: fix scheduling while atomic in decompression path [ 16.945668][ C0] Call trace: [ 16.945678][ C0] dump_backtrace+0x110/0x204 [ 16.945706][ C0] dump_stack_lvl+0x84/0xbc [ 16.945735][ C0] __schedule_bug+0xb8/0x1ac [ 16.945756][ C0] __schedule+0x724/0xbdc [ 16.945778][ C0] schedule+0x154/0x258 [ 16.945793][ C0] bit_wait_io+0x48/0xa4 [ 16.945808][ C0] out_of_line_wait_on_bit+0x114/0x198 [ 16.945824][ C0] __sync_dirty_buffer+0x1f8/0x2e8 [ 16.945853][ C0] __f2fs_commit_super+0x140/0x1f4 [ 16.945881][ C0] f2fs_commit_super+0x110/0x28c [ 16.945898][ C0] f2fs_handle_error+0x1f4/0x2f4 [ 16.945917][ C0] f2fs_decompress_cluster+0xc4/0x450 [ 16.945942][ C0] f2fs_end_read_compressed_page+0xc0/0xfc [ 16.945959][ C0] f2fs_handle_step_decompress+0x118/0x1cc [ 16.945978][ C0] f2fs_read_end_io+0x168/0x2b0 [ 16.945993][ C0] bio_endio+0x25c/0x2c8 [ 16.946015][ C0] dm_io_dec_pending+0x3e8/0x57c [ 16.946052][ C0] clone_endio+0x134/0x254 [ 16.946069][ C0] bio_endio+0x25c/0x2c8 [ 16.946084][ C0] blk_update_request+0x1d4/0x478 [ 16.946103][ C0] scsi_end_request+0x38/0x4cc [ 16.946129][ C0] scsi_io_completion+0x94/0x184 [ 16.946147][ C0] scsi_finish_command+0xe8/0x154 [ 16.946164][ C0] scsi_complete+0x90/0x1d8 [ 16.946181][ C0] blk_done_softirq+0xa4/0x11c [ 16.946198][ C0] _stext+0x184/0x614 [ 16.946214][ C0] __irq_exit_rcu+0x78/0x144 [ 16.946234][ C0] handle_domain_irq+0xd4/0x154 [ 16.946260][ C0] gic_handle_irq.33881+0x5c/0x27c [ 16.946281][ C0] call_on_irq_stack+0x40/0x70 [ 16.946298][ C0] do_interrupt_handler+0x48/0xa4 [ 16.946313][ C0] el1_interrupt+0x38/0x68 [ 16.946346][ C0] el1h_64_irq_handler+0x20/0x30 [ 16.946362][ C0] el1h_64_irq+0x78/0x7c [ 16.946377][ C0] finish_task_switch+0xc8/0x3d8 [ 16.946394][ C0] __schedule+0x600/0xbdc [ 16.946408][ C0] preempt_schedule_common+0x34/0x5c [ 16.946423][ C0] preempt_schedule+0x44/0x48 [ 16.946438][ C0] process_one_work+0x30c/0x550 [ 16.946456][ C0] worker_thread+0x414/0x8bc [ 16.946472][ C0] kthread+0x16c/0x1e0 [ 16.946486][ C0] ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
CVE-2025-64515 1 Maykinmedia 1 Open Forms 2025-12-02 4.3 Medium
Open Forms allows users create and publish smart forms. Prior to versions 3.2.7 and 3.3.3, forms where the prefill data fields are dynamically set to readonly/disabled can be modified by malicious users deliberately trying to modify data they're not supposed to. For regular users, the form fields are marked as readonly and cannot be modified through the user interface. This issue has been patched in versions 3.2.7 and 3.3.3.
CVE-2023-5363 4 Debian, Netapp, Openssl and 1 more 16 Debian Linux, H300s, H300s Firmware and 13 more 2025-12-02 7.5 High
Issue summary: A bug has been identified in the processing of key and initialisation vector (IV) lengths. This can lead to potential truncation or overruns during the initialisation of some symmetric ciphers. Impact summary: A truncation in the IV can result in non-uniqueness, which could result in loss of confidentiality for some cipher modes. When calling EVP_EncryptInit_ex2(), EVP_DecryptInit_ex2() or EVP_CipherInit_ex2() the provided OSSL_PARAM array is processed after the key and IV have been established. Any alterations to the key length, via the "keylen" parameter or the IV length, via the "ivlen" parameter, within the OSSL_PARAM array will not take effect as intended, potentially causing truncation or overreading of these values. The following ciphers and cipher modes are impacted: RC2, RC4, RC5, CCM, GCM and OCB. For the CCM, GCM and OCB cipher modes, truncation of the IV can result in loss of confidentiality. For example, when following NIST's SP 800-38D section 8.2.1 guidance for constructing a deterministic IV for AES in GCM mode, truncation of the counter portion could lead to IV reuse. Both truncations and overruns of the key and overruns of the IV will produce incorrect results and could, in some cases, trigger a memory exception. However, these issues are not currently assessed as security critical. Changing the key and/or IV lengths is not considered to be a common operation and the vulnerable API was recently introduced. Furthermore it is likely that application developers will have spotted this problem during testing since decryption would fail unless both peers in the communication were similarly vulnerable. For these reasons we expect the probability of an application being vulnerable to this to be quite low. However if an application is vulnerable then this issue is considered very serious. For these reasons we have assessed this issue as Moderate severity overall. The OpenSSL SSL/TLS implementation is not affected by this issue. The OpenSSL 3.0 and 3.1 FIPS providers are not affected by this because the issue lies outside of the FIPS provider boundary. OpenSSL 3.1 and 3.0 are vulnerable to this issue.
CVE-2025-39805 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: macb: fix unregister_netdev call order in macb_remove() When removing a macb device, the driver calls phy_exit() before unregister_netdev(). This leads to a WARN from kernfs: ------------[ cut here ]------------ kernfs: can not remove 'attached_dev', no directory WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 27146 at fs/kernfs/dir.c:1683 Call trace: kernfs_remove_by_name_ns+0xd8/0xf0 sysfs_remove_link+0x24/0x58 phy_detach+0x5c/0x168 phy_disconnect+0x4c/0x70 phylink_disconnect_phy+0x6c/0xc0 [phylink] macb_close+0x6c/0x170 [macb] ... macb_remove+0x60/0x168 [macb] platform_remove+0x5c/0x80 ... The warning happens because the PHY is being exited while the netdev is still registered. The correct order is to unregister the netdev before shutting down the PHY and cleaning up the MDIO bus. Fix this by moving unregister_netdev() ahead of phy_exit() in macb_remove().
CVE-2023-53297 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: Bluetooth: L2CAP: fix "bad unlock balance" in l2cap_disconnect_rsp conn->chan_lock isn't acquired before l2cap_get_chan_by_scid, if l2cap_get_chan_by_scid returns NULL, then 'bad unlock balance' is triggered.
CVE-2023-53295 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: udf: Do not update file length for failed writes to inline files When write to inline file fails (or happens only partly), we still updated length of inline data as if the whole write succeeded. Fix the update of length of inline data to happen only if the write succeeds.
CVE-2023-53172 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fsverity: reject FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY on mode 3 fds Commit 56124d6c87fd ("fsverity: support enabling with tree block size < PAGE_SIZE") changed FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY to use __kernel_read() to read the file's data, instead of direct pagecache accesses. An unintended consequence of this is that the 'WARN_ON_ONCE(!(file->f_mode & FMODE_READ))' in __kernel_read() became reachable by fuzz tests. This happens if FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY is called on a fd opened with access mode 3, which means "ioctl access only". Arguably, FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY should work on ioctl-only fds. But ioctl-only fds are a weird Linux extension that is rarely used and that few people even know about. (The documentation for FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY even specifically says it requires O_RDONLY.) It's probably not worthwhile to make the ioctl internally open a new fd just to handle this case. Thus, just reject the ioctl on such fds for now.
CVE-2023-53169 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/resctrl: Clear staged_config[] before and after it is used As a temporary storage, staged_config[] in rdt_domain should be cleared before and after it is used. The stale value in staged_config[] could cause an MSR access error. Here is a reproducer on a system with 16 usable CLOSIDs for a 15-way L3 Cache (MBA should be disabled if the number of CLOSIDs for MB is less than 16.) : mount -t resctrl resctrl -o cdp /sys/fs/resctrl mkdir /sys/fs/resctrl/p{1..7} umount /sys/fs/resctrl/ mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl mkdir /sys/fs/resctrl/p{1..8} An error occurs when creating resource group named p8: unchecked MSR access error: WRMSR to 0xca0 (tried to write 0x00000000000007ff) at rIP: 0xffffffff82249142 (cat_wrmsr+0x32/0x60) Call Trace: <IRQ> __flush_smp_call_function_queue+0x11d/0x170 __sysvec_call_function+0x24/0xd0 sysvec_call_function+0x89/0xc0 </IRQ> <TASK> asm_sysvec_call_function+0x16/0x20 When creating a new resource control group, hardware will be configured by the following process: rdtgroup_mkdir() rdtgroup_mkdir_ctrl_mon() rdtgroup_init_alloc() resctrl_arch_update_domains() resctrl_arch_update_domains() iterates and updates all resctrl_conf_type whose have_new_ctrl is true. Since staged_config[] holds the same values as when CDP was enabled, it will continue to update the CDP_CODE and CDP_DATA configurations. When group p8 is created, get_config_index() called in resctrl_arch_update_domains() will return 16 and 17 as the CLOSIDs for CDP_CODE and CDP_DATA, which will be translated to an invalid register - 0xca0 in this scenario. Fix it by clearing staged_config[] before and after it is used. [reinette: re-order commit tags]
CVE-2025-39816 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: io_uring/kbuf: always use READ_ONCE() to read ring provided buffer lengths Since the buffers are mapped from userspace, it is prudent to use READ_ONCE() to read the value into a local variable, and use that for any other actions taken. Having a stable read of the buffer length avoids worrying about it changing after checking, or being read multiple times. Similarly, the buffer may well change in between it being picked and being committed. Ensure the looping for incremental ring buffer commit stops if it hits a zero sized buffer, as no further progress can be made at that point.
CVE-2025-39815 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: RISC-V: KVM: fix stack overrun when loading vlenb The userspace load can put up to 2048 bits into an xlen bit stack buffer. We want only xlen bits, so check the size beforehand.
CVE-2025-39831 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: fbnic: Move phylink resume out of service_task and into open/close The fbnic driver was presenting with the following locking assert coming out of a PM resume: [ 42.208116][ T164] RTNL: assertion failed at drivers/net/phy/phylink.c (2611) [ 42.208492][ T164] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 164 at drivers/net/phy/phylink.c:2611 phylink_resume+0x190/0x1e0 [ 42.208872][ T164] Modules linked in: [ 42.209140][ T164] CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 164 Comm: bash Not tainted 6.17.0-rc2-virtme #134 PREEMPT(full) [ 42.209496][ T164] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.17.0-5.fc42 04/01/2014 [ 42.209861][ T164] RIP: 0010:phylink_resume+0x190/0x1e0 [ 42.210057][ T164] Code: 83 e5 01 0f 85 b0 fe ff ff c6 05 1c cd 3e 02 01 90 ba 33 0a 00 00 48 c7 c6 20 3a 1d a5 48 c7 c7 e0 3e 1d a5 e8 21 b8 90 fe 90 <0f> 0b 90 90 e9 86 fe ff ff e8 42 ea 1f ff e9 e2 fe ff ff 48 89 ef [ 42.210708][ T164] RSP: 0018:ffffc90000affbd8 EFLAGS: 00010296 [ 42.210983][ T164] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff8880078d8400 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ 42.211235][ T164] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 1ffffffff4f10938 RDI: 0000000000000001 [ 42.211466][ T164] RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: ffffffffa2ae79ea R09: fffffbfff4b3eb84 [ 42.211707][ T164] R10: 0000000000000003 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff888007ad8000 [ 42.211997][ T164] R13: 0000000000000002 R14: ffff888006a18800 R15: ffffffffa34c59e0 [ 42.212234][ T164] FS: 00007f0dc8e39740(0000) GS:ffff88808f51f000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 42.212505][ T164] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 42.212704][ T164] CR2: 00007f0dc8e9fe10 CR3: 000000000b56d003 CR4: 0000000000772ef0 [ 42.213227][ T164] PKRU: 55555554 [ 42.213366][ T164] Call Trace: [ 42.213483][ T164] <TASK> [ 42.213565][ T164] __fbnic_pm_attach.isra.0+0x8e/0xa0 [ 42.213725][ T164] pci_reset_function+0x116/0x1d0 [ 42.213895][ T164] reset_store+0xa0/0x100 [ 42.214025][ T164] ? pci_dev_reset_attr_is_visible+0x50/0x50 [ 42.214221][ T164] ? sysfs_file_kobj+0xc1/0x1e0 [ 42.214374][ T164] ? sysfs_kf_write+0x65/0x160 [ 42.214526][ T164] kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x2f8/0x4c0 [ 42.214677][ T164] ? kernfs_vma_page_mkwrite+0x1f0/0x1f0 [ 42.214836][ T164] new_sync_write+0x308/0x6f0 [ 42.214987][ T164] ? __lock_acquire+0x34c/0x740 [ 42.215135][ T164] ? new_sync_read+0x6f0/0x6f0 [ 42.215288][ T164] ? lock_acquire.part.0+0xbc/0x260 [ 42.215440][ T164] ? ksys_write+0xff/0x200 [ 42.215590][ T164] ? perf_trace_sched_switch+0x6d0/0x6d0 [ 42.215742][ T164] vfs_write+0x65e/0xbb0 [ 42.215876][ T164] ksys_write+0xff/0x200 [ 42.215994][ T164] ? __ia32_sys_read+0xc0/0xc0 [ 42.216141][ T164] ? do_user_addr_fault+0x269/0x9f0 [ 42.216292][ T164] ? rcu_is_watching+0x15/0xd0 [ 42.216442][ T164] do_syscall_64+0xbb/0x360 [ 42.216591][ T164] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x4b/0x53 [ 42.216784][ T164] RIP: 0033:0x7f0dc8ea9986 A bit of digging showed that we were invoking the phylink_resume as a part of the fbnic_up path when we were enabling the service task while not holding the RTNL lock. We should be enabling this sooner as a part of the ndo_open path and then just letting the service task come online later. This will help to enforce the correct locking and brings the phylink interface online at the same time as the network interface, instead of at a later time. I tested this on QEMU to verify this was working by putting the system to sleep using "echo mem > /sys/power/state" to put the system to sleep in the guest and then using the command "system_wakeup" in the QEMU monitor.
CVE-2025-39829 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: trace/fgraph: Fix the warning caused by missing unregister notifier This warning was triggered during testing on v6.16: notifier callback ftrace_suspend_notifier_call already registered WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 86 at kernel/notifier.c:23 notifier_chain_register+0x44/0xb0 ... Call Trace: <TASK> blocking_notifier_chain_register+0x34/0x60 register_ftrace_graph+0x330/0x410 ftrace_profile_write+0x1e9/0x340 vfs_write+0xf8/0x420 ? filp_flush+0x8a/0xa0 ? filp_close+0x1f/0x30 ? do_dup2+0xaf/0x160 ksys_write+0x65/0xe0 do_syscall_64+0xa4/0x260 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f When writing to the function_profile_enabled interface, the notifier was not unregistered after start_graph_tracing failed, causing a warning the next time function_profile_enabled was written. Fixed by adding unregister_pm_notifier in the exception path.
CVE-2025-39822 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2025-12-02 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: io_uring/kbuf: fix signedness in this_len calculation When importing and using buffers, buf->len is considered unsigned. However, buf->len is converted to signed int when committing. This can lead to unexpected behavior if the buffer is large enough to be interpreted as a negative value. Make min_t calculation unsigned.
CVE-2025-30201 1 Wazuh 1 Wazuh 2025-12-02 7.7 High
Wazuh is a free and open source platform used for threat prevention, detection, and response. Prior to version 4.13.0, a vulnerability in Wazuh Agent allows authenticated attackers to force NTLM authentication through malicious UNC paths in various agent configuration settings, potentially leading NTLM relay attacks that would result privilege escalation and remote code execution. This issue has been patched in version 4.13.0.
CVE-2025-61619 2 Google, Unisoc 5 Android, T8100, T8200 and 2 more 2025-12-02 7.5 High
In nr modem, there is a possible system crash due to improper input validation. This could lead to remote denial of service with no additional execution privileges needed
CVE-2025-61618 2 Google, Unisoc 5 Android, T8100, T8200 and 2 more 2025-12-02 7.5 High
In nr modem, there is a possible system crash due to improper input validation. This could lead to remote denial of service with no additional execution privileges needed